20 Different Types Of Metals And Their Properties

You are aware of the role metals and their sophisticated manufacturing processes played in spearheading the industrial revolution, right? That revolution transformed everything and boosted human civilization to the next level.

Considering how far we have come since then is mind-boggling. Just look around yourself! There are an astounding types of metals available to people, serving as the basis of our contemporary society.

What Is Metal?

Metals are elements that can be found naturally in ores deep below the Earth’s crust. Most metals have a luster or a shiny quality. Metal in chemistry is an inorganic element, which means that it is composed of non-living materials.

Metals are opaque and lusterous, in addition to being good conductors of heat and electricity. Most of them are malleable and ductile, and they have a higher density than other elemental substances.

Due to the immense strength and durability metals possess, they can be applied to make numerous products. These are used in automobiles, satellites, and even in cooking utensils.

Sodium and potassium are examples that can be sliced with a knife, while mercury is a liquid metal at room temperature. As for iron, it is solid.

Approximately 95 out of 118 elements in the periodic table are considered metals. To add spice to the matter, the estimated number could be slightly off because there’s no consensus on what exactly qualifies an element to be a metal, non-metal, or semi-metal.

It seems as if they are constantly at each other’s throats over this. In addition to this, their arguments have resulted in the creation of new terminology like ‘non-ferrous metals’, as there is no limit to the metals one can think of.

Classification Of Metals

Metals can be classified based on their physical or chemical characteristics. The classifications listed in the following subsections are.

• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
• Brittle metals.
• Refractory metals.
• White metals.
• Heavy and light metals.
• Base, noble, and precious metals.
• Valve metals.

1. Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Metals.

The difference is straightforward: ferrous metals have iron, while non-ferrous do not. The more detailed answer is that ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals each possess distinctive features that define the use they are best suited for.

Ferrous Metals

As an engineering material, pure iron has very little usefulness because it is too ductile and soft. The melting and solidifying of iron occurs in an orderly manner, and the majority of the atoms in the metal pack, during the cooling process, are tightly arranged in layers for orderly stacks.

Some, however, become misaligned, creating areas of weakness known as dislocations. When an iron piece undergoes force, the layers of atoms in these regions glide over each other, causing metal deformation. This begins to explain the soft iron’s ductility.

However, by adding carbon to iron, we can produce several alloys with entirely different attributes. These are known as carbon steels. An alloy can be defined as a combination of two or more elements, where one of them is a metal.

Examples of common ferrous metals include carbon steel, cast iron, alloy steel, and wrought iron. Ferrous metals are valuable because of their tensile strength and endurance. They are also found in shipping containers, industrial piping, automobiles, tools used both domestically and commercially, and even in railroad tracks.

These metals tend to be rich in carbon, which makes most of them susceptible to rust in the presence of moisture. There are two exceptions to this: wrought iron’s purity enables it to resist rust, and stainless steel, due to the chromium, is safeguarded from rust.

Most ferrous metals possess magnetic properties making them useful in the field of motors and electric devices. Heavier ferrous metals are placed around the your refrigerator door so that you can easily pin your shopping list using a magnet.

Related Articles:

• What is Ferrous Metal?
• What are The Non-Ferrous Metals?
• Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
• What are the nonmetals in the periodic table?

Non-Ferrous Metals

These metals comprise gadgets made of aluminum and copper, as well as lesser-known lead, zinc, and tin, along with the precious metals gold and silver. Non-ferrous metals owe their superiority to iron-based materials in part to their lack of iron content. This enables them to withstand rust and corrosion, making them suitable for use in gutters, liquid pipes, and even roofing or outdoor signs.

Also, their lack of magnetism makes them suitable for use in electronics and wiring that require non-magnetic materials.

2. Brittle Metals

A few metals, such as beryllium and chromium, do not possess the dual property feature of ductility and malleability. If accepted as metals, then arsenic and antimony also fall under the category of fragile metals.

Extremely low value of the ratio of bulk elastic modulus to shear modulus (Pugh’s criterion) indicates some level of soft-homogeneous material like brittleness.

3. Refractory Metal

A refractory metal is a metal that has a very high resistance to heat and wear in materials science, metallurgy, and engineering. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium. They possess melting points exceeding 2000 °C and maintain considerable hardness at room temperature.

4. White Metal

White Metal may refer to any group of metals (or their alloys) that possess a white color and relatively low melting points. These metals consist of Zinc, cadmium, tin, antimony (considered a metal here), lead, and bismuth, some of which are rather poisonous.

In Britain, the fine art trade refers to “white metal” in sale catalogs to foreign silver without British Assay Office marks classified as priced silver of unknown origin but reputed to be silver and valued as such.

5. Heavy and Light Metals

Heavy metal pertains to any relatively dense metal or metalloid. More explicit definitions have been put forward, but none are widely accepted. Some heavy metals are notably toxic or have very specific functions, but some are essential in trace quantities. All other metals are classified as light metals.

6. Base, Noble, And Precious Metals

In informal use in chemistry, a base metal refers to a metal that oxidizes easily or undergoes corrosion, such as, for example, reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to give a metal chloride and hydrogen, which can be further split into metal ions and hydrogen gas.

The most common examples are iron, nickel, lead, and zinc. Base metals also include copper, which does oxidize easily; however, it does not react with HCl.

The noble metal rhodium is depicted here as 1 g of powder, a 1 g pressed cylinder, and a 1 g pellet

Noble metal is the opposite of base metal. Noble metals, as opposed to base ones, are corrosion-resistant, or oxidation resistant, and are considered more precious, usually because gold and other silver see them as rare. This includes gold, platinum, silver, rhodium, iridium, and palladium.

In alchemy and numismatics, a base metal, along with other precious metals, refers to a coin that depicts great economic worth. Turning base metals like silver or gold into precious metals was the main quest for alchemists.

In contrast to most metals, precious metals (like noble metals) have high luster, high electrical conductivity, and are less reactive than most. Gold and silver are the most widely recognized precious metals.

Both can be used for industrial applications, however, they are more popular for their functions in art, coinage, and jewelry. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Platinum is the most traded precious metal.

7. Valve Metals

In electrochemistry, a valve metal is defined as a metal that allows current to flow in a single direction.

Types of Metals

Metals are basically two main groups: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are the ones that have iron in them, while non-ferrous metals don’t have any iron. It’s as simple as that!

Now, These are the different types of Metals:

#1. IRON (Wrought or Cast).

Iron forms the core of almost 5% of the metals within the planet. It is easily found geometrically. However, pure Iron as a metal is not very stable, and it instantly reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere around it, leading to the formation of iron oxide.

To extract it from its ores, a blast furnace is used. The first fraction produced in the furnace is a pig iron, which could be further refined to pure iron. Iron-possessing ores is typically found combined with steel and other alloys, which implies that nearly 90% of ferrous metals manufactured end up dominating the metals market.

A frequently used metal, iron, is also the cheapest. Three primary forms exist: pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron.

• Pig iron: a crude product of iron, is utilized as input for various ferrous metals such as cast iron and steel.
• Cast Iron is produced by smelting pig iron with coke and limestone. Cast iron is very brittle and difficult to weld together. Nonetheless, it is an exceptional engineering material with a broad spectrum of uses, especially in the automobile industry. This is because it has a relatively low melting point, is easily molded and cast into shapes, and is machinable, advanced, and resistant to deformed rolling and wear.
• Wrought Iron: Wrought iron is a type of highly purified metal, with small quantities of silicate slag molded in a filament structure. It is tough, ductile, and resistant to corrosion, making wrought iron ideal for forging items like guard rails, as well as gates and garden furnishings. However, wrought iron has largely been supplanted by mild steel.

#2. STEEL.

The process of making iron involves extracting the oxygen and other contaminants from iron ore. When a combination of carbon, recycled steel, and small amounts of other elements is added, it becomes steel.

Steel is an alloy composed of iron and carbon with less than 2% carbon and 1% manganese; it can also contain minor amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen.

Steel is the most important material in construction and engineering. It impacts every aspect of our daily life, including cars, construction products, refrigerators, washing machines, cargo ships, and even surgical scalpels.

As with other materials, Steel Is not a single product. HeatTreatNow is one example of a company that specializes in various types of ovens and kilns used for the heat treatment of steel, which is one of the most popular treatments, comprised of the formation of a metal into products using various high-temperature preparation techniques.

There are over 3,500 distinct grades of steel with varying alphanumeric and physical properties, making it a complex metal alloy.

Research shows that 75% of modern steels were developed in the last two decades, meaning that new advancements are being made all the time. For example, modern engineering marvels like the Eiffel Tower now require only ⅓ of the steel they originally needed for construction.

Changes in the construction of vehicles are astonishing: Modern cars now contain 35% lighter and stronger steel compared to their older models.

As one of the most sustainable metal alloys, steel can be reused an infinite number of times, has an extremely high lifespan, and, compared to other materials, uses significantly less energy during the production phase. In designs like automobiles and buildings, advanced lightweight steels, also referred to as alloys, turn windows and walls into energy and resource-efficient materials.

Steel manufacturers have done history’s best practices in pollution control. In 1960, producing one tonne of steel required a person to spend an inordinate amount of energy, roughly 1 tonne. That number has drastically improved to 40% today. Similarly, dust emissions have shown an even larger improvement.

Steel is a complex alloy with a wide range of types. Here is a brief description of some common varieties:

#3. CARBON STEEL.

As the name suggests, a metal with high carbon content can be classified as carbon steel. This alloy is widely used in manufacturing for its strength and competitive pricing.

Due to its chemical composition and mechanical properties, it can be classified further under various grades: Mild (Low) carbon, Medium carbon, High carbon, and Ultra High Carbon Steel. Every single grade has a unique value that contributes to the end product, thereby fulfilling industrial necessity.

The increased strength of Medium to High carbon steel renders it effective for use in tool making. It is used to make shafts, crankshafts, and gears.

For the construction of simple mechanical components and various tools, carbon steel is prevalent.

#4. ALLOY STEEL.

A combination of iron and other metals makes the alloy steel. In addition to carbon, one or more intentionally added elements must be present.

Adding alloying elements significantly improves steel’s physical and mechanical features, such as hardness, strength, toughness, high temperature performance, corrosion, and wear resistance.

These elements typically form 1-50 wt% of the metal’s composition. There are ways to categorize alloys.

One might group them by the most abundant alloying elements, as is the case for stainless steels, which contain considerable amounts of chromium. Alternatively, the steel can also be grouped according to the totality of alloying elements contained.

For example, steel with more than 8% of alloying elements is termed high-alloyed, while low-alloyed steel has less than 8%.

#5. STAINLESS STEEL.

Stainless steel can be defined as composed of low and medium-carbon steel. To tune the characteristics, they must be alloyed with other metals. Cr and Ni, for example, provide greater hardness and protection against corrosion.

Other metals improve the malleability, toughness, ductility, tensile and shear strength, and many other properties. Generally, the stainless steels have high strength, some of them being the highest tensile and yield strengths of all metals.

Also, they are generally corrosion resistant, having excellent performance in some particular environments depending on grade/alloy type. Also, stainless steels can withstand high and low temperatures, from 2,000 °C to cryogenic temperatures, depending on grade.

Based on the definition, there are at least 60 distinct grades and possibly over 100 that continue to be developed for general and specific purposes. The study of stainless steel is among the most active areas in metallurgical research.

These grades are defined by a multitude of national and international standards, which are slowly unifying and, in general, tend to define close or identical alloys/properties.

More Resources: What is Stainless Steel?

#6. ALUMINUM.

Bauxite is the main ore that supplies Aluminum. This metal is light, strong, and functional. Spreading with various applications around the world, Aluminum is the most widespread metal on Earth.

This is due to his properties such as being durable, being lightweight, corrosion resistance, being an electrical conductor, and the ability to form alloys with most metals. Also, it does not magnetize and is easy to machine.

With regard to metals, this is a contemporary one. Like many achievements of civilization, aluminum’s first use dates back to 1825. Since then, it has been the basis for some incredible engineering feats.

Read more: Who Discovered Aluminum?

This is the metal that made flying and putting a man on the moon possible because of its amazing strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, it does not rust, which enables its use in making beverage cans (AND soda as a bonus). Arguably most important, it can be made into such thin sheets that allow for BBQing freshly caught fish to jaw-droppingly moist perfection.

Aluminum is a highly abundant nonferrous metal, meaning lacking iron, as its composition is oxidized and rusted. Aluminum is susceptible to adding oxygen layers, or “corroding,” when in the presence of salt, but is convenient for making freshwater docks and vessels, being impervious to deteriorating oxygen-deprived water.

While the process of extracting aluminum from aluminum oxides is complex (though perhaps not the most sophisticated compared to other alloys), the resulting product is a non-ferrous metal abundant on Earth.

#7. MAGNESIUM.

Magnesium, being a metal, is quite fascinating. It is about 66.67% the weight of aluminum but maintains equivalent strength. Because of this, it is becoming more and more common. Generally, you will notice it used as an alloy.

As an alloy, it is mixed with other metals and elements to form a hybrid material with specific properties. This may also make it easier to use for Baja manufacturing processes.

Magnesium’s most popular application is in the automotive industry. Compared to aluminum, magnesium is an upgrade in high-strength weight reduction features and is not exorbitantly more expensive.

You will find magnesium parts in performance cars, mostly in the wheel rims, engine blocks, and transmission cases.

Magnesium, however, has some disadvantages. Magnesium will corrode more easily compared to aluminum. For instance, corrosion will happen with water contact, while aluminum does not corrode in this case.

The overall cost of magnesium is double that of aluminum, but it is more convenient to deal with in manufacturing. Magnesium is highly flammable and burns at very high temperatures. Careful disposal of metal chips, filings, and powder should be undertaken, or else they can lead to an explosion.

#8. COPPER.

When discussing metals, one cannot forget about copper and its alloys. Its easy formability makes it an important metal in industry. Even today, it does not occur in nature in its pure form, and smelting and extracting from ore is necessary.

Copper stands out among other metals due to its excellent electrical and heat conductivity. As a good conductor of electricity, copper is useful in electrical circuits, and it’s second only to silver in terms of electrical conductivity.

Its heat conductivity is also excellent, which is why many cooking utensils are made from copper. This metal can also be found in alloys or a reasonably pure state, and it is commonly used in electronics, water pipes, and giant statues that represent liberty.

Copper will turn green to prevent further corrosion, and this oxide layer will help prevent deterioration over time. This alteration allows it to be preserved for countless years.

The Statue of Liberty is covered in copper, allowing it to maintain its greenish-blue chromatic hue due to the oxide layer.

#9. BRASS.

Brass is best known as composed of two metals: copper and tin. The resulting alloy has different physical properties compared to its parent metals. Brass has a reddish brown hue and is recognized to be shiner and tougher than its predecessors.

The infusion of tin into copper not only improves its hardness, but also increases its corrosion resistance compared to other alloys. Studies show brass consisting of 10% tin and 90% copper is easier to make compared to those with 20% copper and 80% tin.”

It is also important to point out that the shifts within the alloy’s composition change its tensile strength. This enhances its ductility and toughness. As the content of tin is shifted to 20%, its impact strength peaks.

What’s particularly striking is that he addition of tin also enhances the brittleness in cold temperatures. This bodes well for the performance of the alloy in moderately low temperatures, allowing it to change impact strength outward.

Applications like turbines that require moderate temperature and velocity perform well with 20% tin brass. The efficiency of the turbines determines the content of the tin, as raising the temperature tends to weaken their performance.

#10. BRONZE.

Adding tin instead of zinc makes bronze an alloy of copper. Its other elements—phosphorus, manganese, silicon, and aluminum—may enhance its properties for specific applications.

Conductivity, corrosion, and fatigue resistance are bronze’s best qualities, making it a brittle, hard alloy. It is also relatively good at electrical and thermal corrosion resistance.

Bronze has versatile applications. It can be used in manufacturing mirrors and reflectors, electrical connectors, submerged parts, and ship fittings because of its corrosion resistance.

Massive church bells, bronze-aged lumps are cracked bronze tough pick out is exquisite, elegant, harsh, enduring. Bronze is extremely accessible and has great historical significance, especially dating back to the Bronze Age. Being significantly more resilient than other metals makes it capable of withstanding ringing, which also enhances the sound.

Current use cases include art and sculpture, as well as strings of guitars, and even springs and bearings. Humans were the first to alloy bronze.

#11. ZINC.

Zinc is an industrially and medically relevant metal due to its properties. Zinc is a particularly prevalent metal used in the coating industry to protect other metals, such as in galvanization, which is the process of coating steel with zinc, creating galvanized steel.

This will help to prevent rust. Zinc is employed in the production of die castings for the hardware, electrical, and automotive industries.

The low electrochemical potential of zinc allows the metal to be used in marine applications for cathodic protection of other metals. Valves, pipelines, and tanks can be protected with sacrificial anodes made of zinc.

Known for its usefulness, this metal is interesting. The metal has a low melting point, making casting easy. The pieces formed from zinc are fairly strong while in a molten state and can be easily recycled through melting.

#12. TITANIUM.

Titanium serves an important purpose because of its strength-to-weight ratio. Its thermal stability is also quite high, remaining at a solid 480 °C. These properties allow it to be used in aerospace engineering.

In addition to aerospace, military equipment serves another use case. Its corrosion resistance also allows for use in medicine, as well as sporting goods and chemicals.

This powerful metal was discovered in 1791, before being assumed in a purer form in 1910, then being produced commercially outside a lab in 1932.

Strangely enough, even though the metal is the 7th most common on Earth, it is incredibly difficult to refine, increasing the cost. Despite the claim, it is still worth the price due to its wealth of uses.

Titanium is biocompatible, meaning the body won’t reject it, allowing for use in medical implants. In addition, it’s one of the strongest, making anything airborne utilize it.

Titanium nitride, one of the hardest low-friction materials known, is used as a coating on metal cutting tools. Typically, cutting tools are coated with titanium nitride, which reacts with nitrogen under high vacuum. It’s important to know that titanium does not occur freely in nature, but always exists in some other bond.

#13. TUNGSTEN.

Tungsten is one of the few pure metals that possesses both the highest tensile strength and the highest melting point. Hence, it is highly useful.

Tungsten carbide is one of the hardest substances on Earth and is used in making cutting tools for mining and metalworking, heavy industrial machines, and abrasives. Indeed, tungsten carbide is capable of cutting high superalloys and titanium effortlessly. Tungsten forms about half of the supply of tungsten.

The term “tungsten” is derived from the Swedish word meaning “heavy stone” because it is approximately 1.7 times denser than lead. Tungsten is a popular alloying element.

The need for extreme temperature alloys leads to combining other elements with tungsten to create things like rocket nozzles. These need to withstand severe temperatures due to the melting point of tungsten.

#14. NICKEL.

Nickel is a common element with extensive applications. Stainless steel is nickel’s most common application, and steel makes up nearly 70 percent of the world’s nickel production. Nickel enhances the strength and anti-corrosion properties of steel.

Notably, nickel is found in only 25% of the five-cent American coin’s composition. Nickel is a common plating and alloy metal, useful for covering laboratory and chemistry apparatus, as well as any objects with polished, shiny surfaces.

Nickel is derived from a German medieval legend. It was noted that nickel ore bears an uncanny resemblance to copper ore and, when older miners couldn’t extract copper from the ore, they used to attribute the blunder to a troublesome sprite named Nickel.

#15. COBALT.

Cobalt is a hard, silvery white metal that is used in alloys to increase the material’s strength and toughness. Cobalt is also used in making magnets and is involved in electroplating processes.

Cobalt resembles a shiny steel grey metal. It is rather tough and brittle, much like iron and nickel in hardness, tensile strength, mechanical properties, thermodynamic and electrochemical properties. Its magnetism is lost at 1150°C.

#16. TIN.

Tin is one of the metals that has the lowest melting point. In its pure form, it is soft and malleable. It is used as an alloying element and features prominently in bronze, which contains 1/8th of tin and 7/8ths of copper. It’s also the principal ingredient in pewter, which has an 85% to 99% concentration of tin.

When you bend tin bars, “tin cry,” a twanging sound of crystal structure rearrangement, can be observed.

#17. LEAD.

Lead is a very brittle, soft metal with great malleability. Its high chemical density adds to its low melting point. It is very easy to machine and resistant to corrosion. It is found in piping and paints, among other items.

As an anti-knocking substance in gasoline, lead was one of the first components added. Later, its extensive health hazards were discovered.

Ammunition, car batteries, cable sheathing, lifting weights, radiation protection, and gun shields are some of the areas where lead is utilized.

Lead was discovered to be toxic in the 1800s. It’s not as widely found in modern materials, like bullets and paints, but still maintains notoriety.

Chronic exposure results in neurotoxicity, which hinders brain development and alters behavioral traits.

Regardless, it does have uses in today’s world. It’s Excellent when it comes to use in radiation shielding. Sometimes, it makes its way into alloys of copper where it serves the purpose of increasing machinability. The mixture of lead and copper is used more often than not to bolster the effectiveness of bearings.

#18. SILICON.

In strict terms, silicon is a metalloid. That is to say, it displays both metal and non-metal traits. For instance, it has a metal-like appearance.

It is within the state of a solid, shiny, ductile, and has a high melting point. On the other hand, it is bad at conducting electricity, which is part of the reason it’s not classified as a full metal.

Still, silicon can be found in most metals. It’s known to alter the properties of metals, as with other alloys, significantly. For instance, in welding, easier welding of aluminum comes from the addition of silicon.

#19. CHROMIUM.

After carbon and perhaps a diamond, chromium is the third hardest element, with a high hardness value. Its primary use is as an alloy for strengthening other metals and increasing their tensile strength and other aspects of usefulness for them.

With a melting point of about 2000 degrees Celsius, the metal can keep its solid state. Out of all the metals, chromium holds its place amongst the most special owing to the peculiar reflection they have in its surface. No wonder chrome is popular for surface finishing other metals.

#20. LITHIUM.

Lithium is classified as a soft metal or part of the alkali group. Its striking silvery-white shine renders it quite beautiful. It is also used for fortifying glasses and ceramics.

#21. GOLD.

Gold is a rare and precious metal that is soft and easily shaped. It does not corrode when exposed to air. For centuries, people have made jewelry, coins, and other items of gold.

As gold is a superb conductor of electric current and heat. At room temperature, it is a solid, but dense and soft. Gold is bright and strong against corrosion, but the most remarkable thing is how easily gold can be shaped.

#22. SILVER.

Just like gold, silver is categorized as a precious metal with many similar traits. It is also rare, tender, malleable, and does not corrode in the air. Also a good conductor but not as much as gold, silver is said to have a better conduction of electricity and heat compared to other metals.

Properties of Metals

Metals are defined as lustrous, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, and possessing a silver sheen. Other properties include:

• State: Metals, excluding Mercury, are solid in room temperature while Gallium is liquid on hot days.
• Luster: All metals possess the ability to reflect light from their surface and can be polished. For example, gold, silver, and copper.
• Malleability: Foils can be created using metals as a result of being hammered. To put it in layman’s terms, a chunk of gold the size of a sugar cube can be transformed, through hammering, into a sheet large enough to cover a football field.
• Ductility: Metals can be transformed into wires. For reference, a 100g chunk of silver can be drawn out to a length of approximately 200 meters.
• Hardness: All metals are hard except for sodium and potassium. Soft metals can be cut with a knife.
• Valency: The majority of metals have 1-3 electrons in the last shell of the atom.
• Conduction: Due to them having free electrons, metals are able to conduct well. The best conductors of heat and electricity are silver and copper. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat, followed by bismuth, mercury, and iron, which are also poor.
• Density: All metals have a high density and are very heavy. Lithium has the lowest density while iridium and osmium have the highest.
• Melting and Boiling Points: The melting and boiling points of metals are high. Tungsten has the highest while mercury has the lowest. Sodium and potassium’s melting points are also low.

List of Metals

This is a list of metals in order of increasing atomic number.

S.No	Atomic Number	Symbol	Metal Elements
1	3	Li	Lithium
2	4	Be	Beryllium
3	11	Na	Sodium
4	12	Mg	Magnesium
5	13	Al	Aluminum
6	19	K	Potassium
7	20	Ca	Calcium
8	21	Sc	Scandium
9	22	Ti	Titanium
10	23	V	Vanadium
11	24	Cr	Chromium
12	25	Mn	Manganese
13	26	Fe	Iron
14	27	Co	Cobalt
15	28	Ni	Nickel
16	29	Cu	Copper
17	30	Zn	Zinc
18	31	Ga	Gallium
19	37	Rb	Rubidium
20	38	Sr	Strontium
21	39	Y	Yttrium
22	40	Zr	Zirconium
23	41	Nb	Niobium
24	42	Mo	Molybdenum
25	43	Tc	Technetium
26	44	Ru	Ruthenium
27	45	Rh	Rhodium
28	46	Pd	Palladium
29	47	Ag	Silver
30	48	Cd	Cadmium
31	49	In	Indium
32	50	Sn	Tin
33	55	Cs	Cesium
34	56	Ba	Barium
35	57	La	Lanthanum
36	58	Ce	Cerium
37	59	Pr	Praseodymium
38	60	Nd	Neodymium
39	61	Pm	Promethium
40	62	Sm	Samarium
41	63	Eu	Europium
42	64	Gd	Gadolinium
43	65	Tb	Terbium
44	66	Dy	Dysprosium
45	67	Ho	Holmium
46	68	Er	Erbium
47	69	Tm	Thulium
48	70	Yb	Ytterbium
49	71	Lu	Lutetium
50	72	Hf	Hafnium
51	73	Ta	Tantalum
52	74	W	Tungsten
53	75	Re	Rhenium
54	76	Os	Osmium
55	77	Ir	Iridium
56	78	Pt	Platinum
57	79	Au	Gold
58	80	Hg	Mercury
59	81	Tl	Thallium
60	82	Pb	Lead
61	83	Bi	Bismuth
62	84	Po	Polonium
63	87	Fr	Francium
64	88	Ra	Radium
65	89	Ac	Actinium
66	90	Th	Thorium
67	91	Pa	Protactinium
68	92	U	Uranium
69	93	Np	Neptunium
70	94	Pu	Plutonium
71	95	Am	Americium
72	96	Cm	Curium
73	97	Bk	Berkelium
74	98	Cf	Californium
75	99	Es	Einsteinium
76	100	Fm	Fermium
77	101	Md	Mendelevium
78	102	No	Nobelium
79	103	Lr	Lawrencium
80	104	Rf	Rutherfordium
81	105	Db	Dubnium
82	106	Sg	Seaborgium
83	107	Bh	Bohrium
84	108	Hs	Hassium
85	109	Mt	Meitnerium
86	110	Ds	Darmstadtium
87	111	Rg	Roentgenium
88	112	Cn	Copernicium
89	113	Nh	Nihonium
90	114	Fl	Flerovium
91	115	Mc	Moscovium
92	116	Lv	Livermorium

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